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Glossary of Speleological and Caving Terms - SGlossary of Speleological and Caving TermsSCopyright © Australian Speleological Federation Inc. 2002[ Contents | R | T ]SAFETY LINE A safety rope attached to a climber in addition to the main rope or ladder.Climbing and SRT. Ref JJSALT WEATHERING Detachment of particles from a rock surface by the growth of crystals from salt solutions. A feature of the Nullarbor and other desert caves.Processes. Ref JJSANDSTONE CAVE A cave formed in sandstone.Cave - Kinds of. Ref MMSAPROPHAGE A scavenger feeding on decaying organic material.Cave - Biota. Ref JJSATURATED Water which has dissolved as much limestone or other material as it can under the prevailing conditions.Speleology term. Ref JJSATURATED ZONE The zone below the water table, composed of shallow, deep (bathyphreatic) and stagnant phreatic zones. Syn. Phreatic zone.Hydrology terms. Ref ACSCALE The ratio of the length between any 2 points on a map to the actual distance between the same points on the ground or in a cave.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSCALING CHIP A small, thin, flat piece of limestone that has fallen from the ceiling or wall of a cave. May be the result of Salt weathering, a cave breakdown process.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features. Ref WMSCALING POLE A light weight pole, often in short sections and assembled where used, to raise a ladder to points inaccessible by climbing.Climbing and SRT. Ref JJSCALLOP Current markings that intersect to form points which are directed downstream.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features. Ref JJSCAT Faecal pellets or animal droppings, which may provide an important source of food in caves.Fauna. Ref MMSCAVENGER An animal that eats dead remains and wastes of other animals and plants. cf coprophage, necrophage, saprophage.Speleology term. Ref JJSCORIA Refers to the angular pebble-sized frothy fragments that have solidified while flying through the air. Lapilli is a more general term for pebble to granule sized ejecta. Finer material is referred to as ash, and coarser fragments as bombs or blocks.Lava Cave term. Ref KGSCROGGIN Food, being high energy food eaten by cavers etc consisting of nuts, dried fruit, lollies, chocolate pieces etc.Miscellaneous terms. Ref MMSEA CAVE A cave in present day or emerged sea cliffs, formed most commonly by wave attack but may have been formed by the usual karst solution processes. In karst areas, a 'normal' cave may be exposed then modified by marine action.Cave - Kinds of. Ref JJSECTION A map of a cave in a vertical plane, that shows the floor and roof lines.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSEDIMENT Material deposited by water ice or wind or precipitated from water.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features. Ref JJSEEPAGE WATER Syn. Percolation water.Speleology term. Ref JJSELENITE A crystalline form of gypsum.Mineral, Rock and Chemical terms. Ref JJSHAFT A vertical cavity that is deeper than it is wide, and roughly circular in cross section. Wider than a chimney.Speleology term. Ref JJSHAWL A simple triangular shaped curtain.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSHIELD A speleothem consisting of 2 parallel plates separated by a medial planal crack. Forms by water seeping through the medial crack. Cf Stegamite.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref HFSHOW CAVE A cave that has been made accessible to the public for guided visits.Cave - Kinds of. Ref JJSINGLE ROPE TECHNIQUE The practice of climbing up and down ropes with the help of ascenders and descenders. Abbr. SRT.Climbing and SRT. Ref JJSINK A place where a surface water course disappears underground. Also known as 'streamsink'.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref KGSINKHOLE In Australia, used for sites of sinking water in a karst area. Sinkholes also include Swallets. Note that in USA the term is, by long established usage, synonymous with the term DOLINE, in the broader sense.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref ACSINTER A mineral precipitate deposited by a mineral spring, either hot or cold. Calcareous sinter is also called tufa, travertine or onyx marble.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref WMSIPHON A waterfilled passage of inverted U profile which delivers a flow of water whenever the upstream head rises above the top of the U.Cave - Parts of. Ref JJSLING A joined loop of rope or tape.Climbing and SRT. Ref JJSOIL CONE A conical pile of soil (and material filtering down from the surface) accumulates on the floor of a cave beneath fissures and pipes in the ceiling.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features. Ref MMSOLIFLUCTION Usually relates to the slow movement or flow of saturated soil or rock fragment masses down slopes and may be applied to subaqueous flowage.Hydrology terms. Ref MMSOLUTION In chemical solution, weak acids take part especially carbonic acid H2CO3, formed by dissolved carbon dioxide.Processes. Ref JJSOLUTION In karst rocks particularly, the change of bedrock from solid to liquid state by combination with water. In physical solution, ions of rock go directly into solution without transformation. Processes. Ref JJSOLUTION DOLINE A doline formed by solution processes and not modified by collapse.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref MMSOLUTION FLUTE An English term for some forms of Karren, generally equivalent to Rillenkarren. A solution hollow running down the maximum slope of the rock, of uniform width & depth, with sharp ribs between it and its neighbours. Often 1-2cm wide & deep.Karst - Minor Forms of. Ref JJSOLUTION PAN A dish shaped depression on a flat, horizontal rock surface. Sides may overhang. sYN. Kamenitza.Karst - Minor Forms of. Ref JJSOLUTION PIPE A vertical cylindrical shaft, often about 0.5 m across and up to 20 m deep, which is a characteristic of syngenetic karst areas. See Blowhole.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref KGSOLUTION RUNNEL A larger solution flute that may increase in size down its length.Karst - Minor Forms of. Ref JJSOLUTION TUBE May equate to blowhole, but solution tubes are often filled with sediment, which falls to a cave floor and forms a mound.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref JJSPATTER Molten material that was ejected from a vent or turbulent flow and which stuck together on landing to form a knobby rock in which the individual lumps are still just recognisable.Lava Cave term. Ref KGSPECIES Individuals of a given species have a large number of characteristics in common, and are thought to be able to breed together & have come from a common ancestor.Biology - Flora & Fauna. Ref JJSPECIES 7th and lowest rank in Taxonomic system. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Genus & Species together constitute the 'specific name', a unique name for all known organisims that are alive or have become extinct.Biology - Flora & Fauna. Ref JJSPELEOGEN A cave feature formed erosionally or by weathering within a cave. Usually formed in the parent rock. eg Current markings, Rock pendant, Canyon, Spongework, Dome, Scallop.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features. Ref JJSPELEOLOGIST A person who studies caves and their contents, especially by actually entering caves.Speleology term. Ref MMSPELEOLOGY The study of caves and their contents. The exploration, description and study of caves and related phenomena.Speleology term. Ref JJSPELEOTHEM Any of the secondary mineral cave deposits formed by chemical deposition, most commonly of calcite. See decoration. Note that use of 'formation' is detrimental.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSPLASH CUP (1) A shallow cavity in the top of a stalagmite. (2) Any depression caused by dripping water. Syn Conulite.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSPONGEWORK A complex of irregular, inter-connecting cavities intricately perforating the rock. The cavities may range from a few centimetres to more than a metre across.Speleology term. Ref JJSPRING A natural flow of water from rock or soil onto the land surface or into a body of surface water. Syn Rising.Speleology term. Ref JJSQUEEZE An opening in a cave only passable with effort because of its small dimensions. cf Flattener, Crawl.Cave - Parts of. Ref JJSRT See Single rope technique.Climbing and SRT. Ref MMSTALACTITE A speleothem hanging or growing downwards from a roof or wall, usually of cylindrical or conical form, originally with a central hollow tube, and formed by dripping water. see Straw.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSTALAGMITE A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips, often found directly under a stalactite.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSTANCE (is this a caving term)Speleology term. Ref JJSTATION A survey point in a chain of such points in a survey.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSTEEPHEAD A steep-sided valley in karst, generally short, ending abruptly upstream where a stream emerges or formerly did so.Speleology term. Ref JJSTEGAMITE A speleothem projecting upwards from a cave floor in the form of a calcite ridge. A medial crack appears along the top of the ridge where water is thought to be forced from the speleothem under capillary action. First described by R Webb.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref RWSTOOPING In caving, describes a passage in which there is not quite enough head room walk, but more than a crawl way. cf Flattener, Crawlway, WalkingCave - Parts of. Ref MMSTRANDLINE A coast line, present or ancient.Geology. Ref KGSTRAW A long, thin-walled tubular stalactite that elongates as minerals are deposited at the lower tip by seepage water flows dripping through its hollow interior. see Stalactite.Cave - Depositional Features. Ref JJSTREAMSINK A point where a surface stream disappears underground. May empty into an obvious karst feature, or percolate down through streambed gravels.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref JJSTRIKE The orientation of beds of rocks, given as the direction of a horizontal line in a bedding plane. . On level ground it is the direction of outcrop of inclined beds.Geology. Ref JJSTROMATOLITE A calcareous deposit, secreted by calcareous algae in the form of laminated domes and columns. Occurs in many cenotes.Karst - Miscellaneous features of. Ref KGSTYGOBIONT Aquatic cavernicoles. Animals that live in karstic groundwater, or in alluvial groundwater. Includes stygobites, stygophiles & stygoxenes.Speleology term. Ref ACSTYGOBITE An aquatic troglobite. An obligate aquatic species of hypogean waters having troglomorphic adaptions. Also includes the fauna found in deep groundwater substrata of alluvial aquifers.Speleology term. Ref ACSTYGOFAUNA Ecologically descriptive term covering aquatic groundwater fauna. Syn Stygobiont.Speleology term. Ref ACSTYGOPHILE A facultative stygobiont, usually lacking troglomorphies, and considered as the aquatic equivalent of a (terrestrial) troglophile.Speleology term. Ref ACSTYGOXENE An habitual stygobiont which spends only part of its life cycle in cave waters and returns periodically to the epigean domain, eg for food.Speleology term. Ref ACSTYLOLITE Suture in rock formed where pressure solution has taken place, often leaving a thin lamina of insoluble material along it. Also applied to columnlike structures in some limestones which are at right angles to the bedding plane.Karst - Miscellaneous features of. Ref JJSUBJACENT KARST Karst developed in limestone or other soluble rock underlying other rock formations that are far less soluble. The ground surface may be perforated by collapse dolines etc or it may show no hint of the underlying karst. Example: Big Hole in NSW.Karst - Kinds of. Ref JJSUBSIDENCE DOLINE Formed by the downward movement of limestone by solution and of loose surface material such as soils into an underground cavity.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref KGSUBTERRANEAN Pertaining to underground environments. Often in reference to caves. And often in reference to caves in karst.Speleology term. Ref ACSUMP A point in a cave passage where the water meets the roof, then continues under water.Speleology term. Ref JJSUPERSATURATED Referring to water that has more calcium carbonate or other karst rock mineral in solution than the maximum corresponding to normal conditions.Speleology term. Ref JJSURVEY In caving, the measurement of directions and distances between survey points and of cave details from them, and the plotting of cave plans and sections from these measurements.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSUSPENDED SEDIMENT Small particles of insoluble organic or inorganic matter suspended in water, Syn flocculant.Hydrology terms. Ref ACSUUNTO CLINOMETER A small, handheld pendulum clinometer commonly used in cave survey.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSUUNTO COMPASS A small, handheld sighting compass commonly used in cave survey.Survey & Mapping term. Ref JJSWALE A linear hollow or depression found between dunes or beachridges. Generally marshy or swampy, or may contain small lakes.Geology. Ref KGSWALLET They may empty into open or choked cave features (eg shafts, avens). Swallets may simply be a portion of streambed from which there is a gradual downward percolation of surface water.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref ACSWALLET Usually in karst, a form of sinkhole (which may also be a cave entrance) but could refer to a streamsink. Swallets are major entry points for recharge waters in some karst areas. Karst - Depression Features of. Ref ACSWIRLHOLE A more or less circular hole in rock in a streambed eroded by eddying water. Sometimes aided by rocks, sand or pebbles tumbling round and round.Karst - Depression Features of. Ref JJSYNGENETIC KARST Karst developed in Aeolianite. Where the evolution of the karst has occurred at the same time as the lithification of the host sediment. A characteristic feature of Australian Quaternary dune calcarenites. First described by J N Jennings.Karst - Kinds of. Ref JJCopyright © Australian Speleological Federation Inc. 2002The Glossary of Speleological and Caving Terms is the copyright property of theAUSTRALIAN SPELEOLOGICAL FEDERATION INC. (ASF)and any reproduction of it either in part or in full, should have the approval of the ASF, and suchreproduction should be accompanied by a copyright notice similar to this one.[ Top | Contents | R | T ]Contact Glenn Baddeley if you have any other problems with this page.First Draft for Comment - 3rd March 1998.Generated on 08 Mar 2002 from data files gl980303.csv rf980303.csv tc980303.csv. |
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