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Darwin and Literature: A Bibliography
Darwinism and the Victorian
Literary Imagination: A Bibliography
The literature of Darwinism, especially
the technical literature, is enormous. This bibliography is pretty much
restricted to secondary sources which in some way deal explicitly with,
or represent, or throw light on, the relations between Darwinism (or, more
generally, evolutionary biology) and imaginative literature in the late
nineteenth century. Some more obscure primary texts from the period are
included.
Readers are advised that I'm making this bibliography
available on an 'as is' basis. There are many typographical errors caused
by the scanning process. While it is fairly comprehensive within its limits,
it is not up to date. I hope to add to it periodically. Details of other
items for inclusion are very welcome; my contact details are here.
Do investigate David Clifford's attractive site on neo-Lamarckism
and nineteenth century writers. An extensive and up-to-date bibliography
forms part of this on-going research project.
Back to Peter Morton's homepage
The Vital Science: Biology and
the Literary Imagination (full text)
Major Sources
Appleman, Philip Dean (1955), 'Darwin and the literary
critics', unpublished PhD thesis, Northwestern University. Deals with the
biological data available to, and used by, Pater, Stephen, J.A. Symonds
and others.
Baldwin, James Mark (1910), Darwin and the Humanities,
2nd ed (London: Swann Sonnenschein).
Beer, Gillian (1983, 1985), Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary
Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London:
Ark Paperbacks). A clever and original study which is greatly interested
in tracing out, in fiction, many of the meanings latent in Darwin's metaphors
and Darwinian 'myths'. Deals closely with George Eliot and also with Kingsley,
Hardy, Tennyson, etc.
Beer, Gillian (1986) 'Darwin's reading and the fictions
of development'; see Kohn, 1986.
Conner, Frederick William (1913), Cosmic Optimism: A Study
of the Interpretation of Evolution by American Poets from Emerson to Robinson
(New York: Octagon Books). Contains a great deal of general material on
the poetic response to evolutionary theory.
Culler, A. Dwight (1967), 'The Darwinian Revolution and
Literary Form'; see Levine and Madden, 1968. This lively essay asserts
that the real Darwinian influence in Victorian literature was to invert
values -- a process which he traces from Butler to Carroll and on to Wilde,
Pater and the literary decadence.
Dale, Peter Allen (1989), In Pursuit of a Scientific
Culture: Science, Art, and Society in the Victorian Age (Madison: U.
of Wisconsin Press).
Ebbatson, Roger (1982), The Evolutionary Self: Hardy,
Forster, Lawrence (Sussex: Harvester Press).
Henkin, Leo Justin (1963), Darwinism in the English
Novel, 1860-1910: The Impact of Evolution on Victorian Fiction (New
York: Russell & Russell). First published in 1940, this is the standard
treatment, especially for minor fictional works. Major authors like Hardy
are treated very sketchily.
Irvine, William (1959), 'The influence of Darwin on literature',
Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 103 (October), pp. 616-28.
Jones, Arthur Edward (1950), Darwinism and Its Relationship
to Realism and Naturalism in American Fiction, 1860 to 1900 (Madison:
Drew University Press).
Kohn, David ed (1986), The Darwinian Heritage (Princeton:
Princeton University Press).
Levine, George Lewis, and Madden, William Anthony (eds)
(1968), The Art of Victorian Prose (London: OUP).
Levine, George (1988), Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns
of Science in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge & London: Harvard University
Press). Deals with pre-Darwinian 'biological' attitudes in Austen (Mansfield
Park) and Scott, and Darwinism in Dickens, Trollope and to a lesser
extent in Conrad. A solid central chapter deals with the Darwinian revolution
- the replacement of natural theology by natural selection - and its effect
on the novelists' imagination.
Manly, John Matthews (1907), 'Literary forms and the new
theory of the origin of species', Modern Philology, vol. 4 (April),
pp. 577-95. Applies Vriesian mutation theory to problems of literary history,
particularly the rise of Elizabethan drama.
Morton, Peter (1984), The Vital Science: Biology and
the Literary Imagination 1860-1900 (London: Allen & Unwin). Covers
degeneration, eugenics, evolutionism and inheritance theory, and the imaginative
possibilities perceived in these concepts by Hardy, Butler, Wells and several
other novelists.
Norris, Margot (1985), Beasts of the Modern Imagination:
Darwin, Nietzsche, Kafka, Ernst and Lawrence (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
UP).
O'Hanlon, Redmond (1984). Joseph Conrad and Charles
Darwin: The Influence of Scientific Thought on Conrad's fiction (Atlantic
Highlands: Humanities Press).
Peckham, Morse (1959), 'Darwinism and Darwinisticism',
Victorian
Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 3-40. An excellent and thought-provoking
discussion which deals with problems of definition and terminology.
Roppen, George (1956), Evolution and Poetic Belief.
A Study in Some Victorian and Modern Writers (Oslo: Oslo University
Press). A massive study which deals not only with Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne
and Meredith but also with Butler, Shaw and Wells. However, it contains
little close inspection of Victorian biological ideas.
Routh, Harold Victor (1937), Towards the Twentieth
Century: Essays in the Spiritual History of the Nineteenth (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press). Devotes three chapters to an examination of
the part Darwinism played in the development of the English Naturalistic
and Realistic schools.
Stevenson, Lionel (1932), Darwin among the Poets
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Covers the major Victorian poets,
and concentrates on Tennyson, Browning and Arnold. Also deals extensively
with the pre-Darwinian period.
Stevenson, Lionel (1960), 'Darwin and the novel', Nineteenth-Century
Fiction, vol. 15 (June), pp. 29-38.
Turner, John Mills (1944), 'The response of major American
writers to Darwinism, 1859-1910', unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University.
Young, Robert (1985), Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place
in Victorian Culture (Cambridge, CUP).
Zirkle, Conway (1959), Evolution, Marxian Biology,
and the Social Scene (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Contains a chapter on neo-Lamarckism and its influence on literature of
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Other Studies
'1,000,000 AD' (1893), Punch, vol. 105, 25 November,
p. 250.
Adams, Henry (1946), The Education of Henry Adams
(New York: Random House).
Alexander, Edward (1965), Matthew Arnold and John Stuart
Mill (London: Routledge Kegan Paul).
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1877), Physiological
Aesthetics (London: King).
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1879a), 'Evolution,
Old and New... ', Academy, vol. 15, 17 May, pp. 426-7.
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1879b), The Colour
Sense: Its Origin and Development. An Essay in Comparative Psychology
(London: Trubner).
Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1881a), The Evolutionist
at Large (London: Chatto & Windus).
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1881b), Vignettes
from Nature (London: Chatto & Windus).
[Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie] (1884), 'The Child
of the Phalanstery ', Belgravia, vol. 54 (August), pp. 163-76. Published
under the pseudonym 'J. Arbuthnot Wilson'. Reprinted in Allen's Twelve
Tales (London: Grant Richards, 1899), pp. 45-64.
Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1885), Charles Darwin
(London: Longmans, Green).
Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1890a), 'Essays upon
Heredity', Academy, vol. 37, 1 February, pp. 83-.4.
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1890b), 'The girl of
the future', Universal Review, vol. 7 (May), pp. 49-64.
Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1894), The Lower
Slopes: Reminiscences of Excursions round the Base of Helicon . . .
(London: Matthews & Lane).
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie ( 189 5), The Woman
Who Did (London: John Lane).
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1897), The Evolution
of the Idea of God: An Inquiry into the Origins of Religions (London:
Grant Richards).
Alien, Garland E. (1969), 'Hugo de Vries and the reception
of the "mutation theory" ', Journal of the History of Biology, vol.
2 (Spring), pp. 55-87.
Altick, Richard Daniel (1957), The English Common Reader:
A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press).
Altick, Richard Daniel (1974), Victorian People and
Ideas (London: Dent).
Annan, Noel (1959), 'Science, religion, and the critical
mind: introduction'; see Appleman, Madden and Wolff.
Antioch Review (1959), vol. 19 (Spring).
Appleman, Philip Dean (1959a), 'Darwin, Pater, and a crisis
in criticism'; see Appleman, Madden and Wolff.
A[ppleman], P[hilip Dean] (1959b), 'The logic of evolution:
some reconsiderations', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp.
115-25.
Appleman, Philip Dean, Madden, William, and Wolff, Michael
(eds)(1959), 1859:Entering an Age of Crisis (Bloomington, Ind.:
Indiana University Press).
Argyll, 8th Duke of, see Campbell, George Douglas.
Armytage, Waiter Harry Green (1968), Yesterday's Tomorrows:
A Historical Survey of Future Societies (London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul).
Arnold, Matthew (1895), Letters of Matthew Arnold,
1848-1888..., ed. George W.E. Russell, 2 vols (London: Macmillan).
Arnold, Matthew (1935), Culture and Anarchy: An Essay
in Political and Social Criticism, ed. J. Dover Wilson (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Arnold, Matthew (1960-), The Complete Prose Works of
Matthew Arnold, ed. R.H. Super, 11 vols to date (Ann Arbor: University
of Michigan Press).
Athenaeum (1868), anonymous review of The Principles
of Geology, 28 March, p. 455.
Athenaeum (1879), anonymous review of Evolution,
Old and New..., 26 July, pp.115-17.
Athenaeum (1889), anonymous review of The Ascent
of Man, 20 July, pp. 87-8.
Athenaeum (1892), anonymous review of Tess of
the d'Urbervilles, 9 January, pp.
Badash, Lawrence (1968), 'Rutherford, Boltwood, and the
age of the earth: the origin of radioactive dating techniques', Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 112 (June), pp. 157-69.
Bagehot, Walter (1872), Physics and Politics, or Thoughts
on the Application of the Principles of 'Natural Selection' and 'Inheritance'
to Political Society (London: King).
Bailey, James Osier (1945), 'Hardy's "imbedded fossil"
', Studies in Philology, vol.42 (July), pp. 663-74.
Bailey, James Osier (1947), Pilgrims through Space
and Time: Trends and Patterns in Scientific and Utopian Fiction (New
York: Argus Books).
Bailey, James Osier (1956), Thomas Hardy and the Cosmic
Mind: A New Reading of 'The Dynasts' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of
North Carolina Press).
Bailey, James Osier (1963), 'Evolutionary meliorism in
the poetry of Thomas Hardy', Studies in Philology, vol. 60 (July),
pp. 569-87.
Bailey, James Osier (1970), The Poetry of Thomas Hardy:
A Handbook and Commentary (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina
Press).
Baillie, John (1950), The Belief in Progress (London:
Oxford University Press).
Barnett, Samuel Anthony (ed.) (1962), A Century of
Darwin (London: Mercury Books).
Barton, Michael Parker (ed.) (1961), Darwinism and
the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium (London: Tavistock).
Barzun, Jacques Martin (1958), Darwin, Marx, Wagner:
Cntique of a Heritage, revised 2nd edn (Garden City, NY: Doubleday).
Bateson, C. Beatrice, see Bateson, William, 1928.
Bateson, William (1894), Materials for the Study of
Variation, Treated with Especial Regard for Discontinuity in the Origin
of Species (London: Macmillan).
Bateson, William (1902), Mendel's Principles of Heredity:
A Defence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bateson, William (c. 1908), 'Heredity and variation in
modern lights'; see Seward, 1909.
Bateson, William (1928), William Bateson, FRS, Naturalist.
His Essays and Addresses, together with a Short Account of His Life by
Beatrice Bateson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Baumer, Franklin L. (ed.) (1965), Intellectual Movements
in Modern European History (London: Macmillan).
Beach, Joseph Warren (1936), The Concept of Nature
in Nineteenth-Century English Poetry (London: Macmillan).
Beer, Gillian (1980), 'Plot and the analogy with science
in later nineteenth-century literature' in E.S. Schaffer, ed. Comparative
Criticism II (Cambridge UP).
Bell, Peter Robert (ed.)(1959), Darwin's Biological
Work: Some Aspects Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bellamy, Edward (1888), Looking Backward: 2000-1887
(Boston: Ticknor).
Bellamy, William (1971), The Novels of Wells, Bennett
and Galsworthy: 1890-1910 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).
Benn, Alfred William (1962), The History of English
Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols (New York: Russell &
Russell).
Bentley, Eric Russell (1957), Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950
(Norfolk, Conn.: New Directions).
Beresford, John Davys, and Tyson, Esme Wynn ( [1944] ),
The
Riddle of the Tower (London: Hutchinson).
Bergonzi, Bernard (1960a), 'The Time Machine: an
ironic myth', Critical Quarterly, vol. 2 (Winter), pp. 293-305.
Bergonzi, Bernard (1960b), 'The publication of The
Time Machine, 1894-5', Review of English Studies, vol. 11, pp.
42-51.
Bergonzi, Bernard (1961), The Early H.G. Wells: A Study
of the Scientific Romances (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Berry, Minta Sue (1963), 'Creation's groan: late nineteenth-century
thought as reflected in the works of Thomas Hardy', unpublished PhD thesis,
Vanderbilt University.
Besant, Walter (1889), The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies,
2nd edn (London: Chatto & Windus).
Bevington, Merle Mowbray (1966), The Saturday Review,
1855-1868: Representative Educated Opinion in Victorian England (New
York: AMS Press).
Bibby, Cyril (1959), 'Huxley and the reception of the
Origin', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 76-86.
Bibby, Cyril (1972), Scientist Extraordinary: The Life
and Scientific Work of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825-1895 (Oxford: Pergamon
Press).
Bissell, Claude Thomas (1940), 'A study of The Way of
All Flesh'; see Davis, DeVane and Bald, 1940.
Bissell, Claude Thomas (1961), 'The Butlerian inheritance
of G.B. Shaw', Dalhousie Review, vol. 41, pp. 159-73.
Bjork, Lennart A. (ed.) (1974), The Literary Notes
of Thomas Hardy (Goteborg: Gothenburg Studies in English, 29).
Blacker, Carlos Paton (1952), Eugenics: Galton and
After (London: Duckworth).
Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1948), The Checklist of
Fantastic Literature: A Bibliography of Fantasy, Weird and Science Fiction
Books, Published in the English Language (Chicago, Ill.: Shasta).
Blind, Mathilde (1886), Shelley's View of Nature Contrasted
with Darwin's (printed for private distribution).
Blind, Mathilde (1899), The Ascent of Man, with an
introduction by A.R. Wallace (London: T. Fisher Unwin).
Blinderman, Charles S. (1961 ), 'T. H. Huxley and Kingsley',
Victorian
Newsletter, vol. 20, pp. 25-8.
Blinderman, Charles S. (1962), 'Semantic aspects ofT.
H. Huxley's literary style', Journal of Communication, vol. 22,
pp. 171-8.
Boll, T.E.M. (1966), 'Tess as an animal in nature', English
Literature in Transition, vol. 9, pp. 210-11.
Bowler, Peter (1984), Evolution: The History of an
Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Bowman, Sylvia Edmonia (1958), The Year 2000: A Critical
Biography of Edward Bellamy (New York: Bookman Associates).
Bowman, Sylvia Edmonia, and others (1962), Edward Bellamy
Abroad: An American Prophet's Influence (New York: Twane).
Brennecke, Ernest (1966), Thomas Hardy's Universe:
A Study of the Poet's Mind (New York: Folcroft).
Brett, Raymond L. (1960), 'The influence of Darwin upon
his contemporaries', South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 59 (Winter),
pp. 69-81.
Breuer, Hans-Peter (1970), 'A critical and annotated edition
of Samuel Butler's Erewhon', unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University.
Bridges, J.H. (1877), 'Evolution and Positivism', Fortnightly
Review, vol. 22 (June), pp. 853-74, and (July), pp. 89-114.
Brogan, Howard O. (1957), 'Science and narrative structure
in Austen, Hardy, and WooIf', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 11
(March), pp. 276-87.
Brome, Vincent (1951), H.G. Wells: A Biography
(London: Longmans, Green).
Brooks, Jean R. (1961 ), 'Darwinism in Thomas Hardy's
major novels', unpublished MA thesis, Birkbeck College, University of London.
Brooks, Jean R. (1971), Thomas Hardy: The Poetic Structure
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
Bryan, Daniel Vance (1953), 'Samuel Butler: creative evolution
in literature', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Minnesota.
Buchmann, Ralf (1941), Martin F. Tupper and the Victorian
Middle Class Mind (Bern: Francke).
Bucke, Richard Maurice (1948), Cosmic Consciousness:
A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind (New York: Dutton).
Buckle, George Earle (1871 ), 'Natural selection insufficient
to the development of man', Popular Science Review, vol. 10, pp.
14-24.
Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1945), William Ernest Henley:
A Study in the 'Counter-Decadence' of the 'Nineties (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
BuckIey, Jerome Hamilton (1966a), The Triumph of Time:
A Study of the Victorian Concepts of Time, History, Progress and Decadence
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1966b), The Victorian Temper:
A Study in Literary Culture (London: Cass).
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (1895), The Novels and Romances
of Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 40 vols (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown).
Burchfield, Joe Donald (1975), Lord Kelvin and the
Age of the Earth (London: Macmillan).
Burnaby, John (1959), Darwin and the Human Situation
(Cambridge: Heffer).
Burrow, John Wyan (1963), 'Evolution and anthropology
in the 1860s: the Anthropological Society of London, 1863-71', Victorian
Studies, vol. 7 (December), pp. 137-54.
Burrow, John Wyan (1966), Evolution and Society: A
Study in Victorian Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bury, John Bagnail (1920), The Idea of Progress: An
Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (London: Macmillan).
Bush, John Nash Douglas (1950), Science and English
Poetry: A Historical Sketch, 1590-1950 (London: Oxford University Press).
Butler, Samuel (1962), The Correspondence of Samuel
Butler with His Sister May..., ed. Daniel F. Howard (Berkeley, Calif.:
University of California Press).
Butler, Samuel (1965), Ernest Pontilex, or The Way
of All Flesh: A Story of English Domestic Life..., ed. Daniel F. Howard
(London: Methuen).
Butler, Samuel (1968), The Shrewsbury Edition of the
Works of Samuel Butler, ed. Henry Festing Jones and A.T. Bartholomew,
20 vols (New York: AMS Press).
Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1867), The
Reign of Law (London: Strahan).
Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1884), The
Unity of Nature (London: Strahan).
Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1894), The
Burdens of Belief and Other Poems (London: Murray).
Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1906), Autobiography
and Memoirs..., ed. Duchess of Argyll, 2 vols (London: Murray).
Campbell, John Angus (1970), 'Darwin and the origin of
species: the rhetorical ancestry of an idea', Speech Monographs,
vol. 37 (March), pp. 1-14.
Cannon, Herbert Graham (1959), Lamarck and Modern Genetics
(Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Cannon, Waiter F. (1961), 'The bases of Darwin's achievement:
a revaluation', Victorian Studies, vol. 5 (December), pp. 109-34.
Cannon, Walter F. (1967), 'Darwin's vision in On the
Origin of Species'; see Levine and Madden, 1968.
Carey, G.O. (1964), 'Butler's theory of evolution: a summary',
English Literature in Transition, vol. 7, pp. 230--3.
Carpenter, Edward (1889), Civilisation: Its Cause and
Cure, and Other Essays (London: Swann Sonnenschein).
Carter, George Stuart (1957), A Hundred Years of Evolution
(London: Sidgwick & Jackson).
Cazamian, Madeleine L. (1923), Le Roman et les idees
en Angleterre: l'influence de la science (1860-1890), Publications
de la Faculte des Lettres de l'Universite de Strasbourg, Fascicule 15 (London:
Oxford University Press).
'Cecil, Hugh Mortimer', see Newman, Ernest.
[Chambers, Robert] (1844), Vestiges of the Natural
History of Creation (London: Churchill).
Cherry, Douglas (1966), 'The two cultures of Matthew Arnold
and T.H. Huxley', Wascana Review, vol. 1, pp. 53-61.
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1937), Autobiography
(London: Hutchinson).
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1966), The Victorian Age
in Literature (London: Oxford University Press).
Clagett, Marshall (ed.) (1959), Critical Problems in
the History of Science (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press).
Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1958), 'The nineteenth-century
Utopia', Quarterly Review, vol. 296, pp. 80-91.
Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1961), The Tale of the
Future: From the Beginning to the Present Day. A Checklist . . . between
1644 and 1960 (London: Library Association).
Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1966), Voices Prophesying
War, 1763-1984 (London: Oxford University Press).
Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1979), The Pattern of Expectation,
1644-2001 (London: Cape).
Clodd, Edward (1900), Grant Allen: A Memoir, with a
Bibliography (London: Grant Richards).
Clodd, Edward (1916), Memories (London: Chapman
& Hall).
Cole, George Douglas Howard (1947), Samuel Butler and
'The Way of All Flesh' (London: Home & Van Thai).
Cole, Susan Ablon (1971), 'The Utopian plays of George
Bernard Shaw: a study of the plays and their relationship to the fictional
Utopias of the period from the early 1870s to the early 1920s', unpublished
PhD thesis, Brandeis University.
Coleman, William (1971), Biology in the Nineteenth
Century: Problem of Form, Function and Transformation (New York: Wiley).
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1836), Specimens of the Table
Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 2nd edn (London: Murray).
Collins, James (1959), 'Darwin's impact on philosophy',
Thought,
vol. 34, pp. 185-248.
Cornfort, Alexander (1961), Darwin and the Naked Lady:
Discursive Essays on Biology and Art (London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul).
Coslett, Tess, The 'Scientific Movement' and Victorian
Literature.
Cowan, Ruth Leah Schwartz (1968 [published 1971]), 'Sir
Francis Galton and the continuity of the germ-plasm: a biological idea
with political roots', Actes du Xlle Congres International d'Histoire
des Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 181-6.
Cowan, Ruth Leah Schwartz (1969), 'Sir Francis Galton
and the study of heredity in the nineteenth century', unpublished PhD thesis,
Johns Hopkins University.
Cowles, Thomas (1937), 'Malthus, Darwin, and Bagehot:
a study in the transference of a concept', Isis, vol. 26 (March),
pp. 341--8.
Cox, J. Stevens (ed.) (1969), The Library of Thomas
Hardy, OM (St Peter Port: Toucan Press).
Croll, James (1877), 'Evolution by force impossible: a
new argument against materialism', British Quarterly Review, vol.
77, pp. 35-71.
Crum, Ralph B. (1966), Scientific Thought in Poetry
(New York: AMS Press).
Cruse, Amy (n.d.), The Victorians and Their Reading
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin).
Cunliffe, John W. (1963), Leaders of the Victorian
Revolution (New York: Russell & Russell).
Daiches, David (1969), Some Late Victorian Attitudes
(London: Deutsch).
Daniels, R. Balfour (1969), 'Names in the fiction of Samuel
Butler', South Central Bulletin, vol. 29 (Winter), pp. 129-32.
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1959a), Darwin's Place in History
(Oxford: Blackwell).
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1959b), 'The origin of Darwinism',
Scientific
American, vol. 200 (May), pp. 60-6.
Darwin, Charles Robert (1862), On the Various Contrivances
by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects... (London:
Murray).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1870), 'Notes on the habits of
the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestms)', Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, 1 November, pp. 705-6.
Darwin, Charles Robert (1872), The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals (London: Murray).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1903), More Letters of Charles
Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters
. .., ed. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward, 2 vols (London: Murray).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1905), The Variation of Animals
and Plants under Domestication, 2nd edn revised, 2 vols (London: Murray).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1909), The Descent of Man,
and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd edn (London: Murray).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1945), The Formation of Vegetable
Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits...,
with an introduction by Sir Albert Howard (London: Faber, 1945).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1958), The Autobiography of
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, with Original Omissions Restored..., ed.
Nora Barlow (London: Collins).
Darwin, Charles Robert (1959), The Origin of Species
by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text, ed. Morse Peckham (Philadelphia,
Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Darwin, Francis (1887), The Life and Letters of Charles
Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter..., 3 vols (London: Murray).
[Davis, Ellis James] (1875), Pyrna: A Commune; or Under
the Ice (London: Bickers).
Davis, Herbert, DeVane, William C., and Bald, Robert Cecil
(eds) (1940), Nineteenth Century Studies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press).
Dawes, Ben (1952), A Hundred Years of Biology (London:
Duckworth).
De Beer, Gavin Rylands (1961), 'The origins of Darwin's
ideas on evolution and natural selection', Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 155 (November),
pp. 321-8.
De Beer, Gavin Rylands (1963), Charles Darwin: Evolution
by Natural Selection (London: Nelson).
Delage, Yves (1903), L 'Heredite et les grands problemes
de la biologic generale, 2nd edn (Paris: Schleicher Freres).
DeMaria, Robert (1959), 'From Bulwer-Lytton to George
Orwell: the Utopian novel in England, 1870-1950', unpublished PhD thesis,
Columbia University.
Derham, William (1713), Physico-Theology, or A Demonstration
of the Being and Attributes of God, from His Works of Creation (London).
Descartes, Rene (1931), The Philosophical Works of
Rene Descartes, trans. E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, 2 vols (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Dewey, John (1951), The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy
and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (New York: Peter Smith).
Dickson, Lovat (1972), H.G. Wells: His Turbulent Life
and Times (Harmondsworth: Penguin). First published 1969.
Dobzhansky. Theodosius (1959), 'Genetics and the destiny
of Man', Antioch Review, vol. 19 (Spring), pp. 57-68.
Dowden, Edward (1878), Studies in Literature, 1789-1877
(London: Kegan Paul).
Drachman, Julian Moses (1931), Studies in the Literature
of Natural Science (New York: Macmillan).
'Drew, D'Arcy', see Mivart, St George Jackson.
Drummond, Henry (1885), Natural Law in the Spiritual
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