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Title: Dictionaries/By Subject/Construction - Solar Heating Glossary of basic terms relating to solar heating.
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glossary of solar heating terms used for solar thermal energy applications
 Glossary of Solar Heating Terms
Absorber The blackened surface
in a collector that absorbs the solar radiation and converts
it to heat energy.
Absorptance The ratio of solar
energy absorbed by a surface to the solar energy striking it.
Active System A solar heating
or cooling system that requires external mechanical power to
move the collected heat.
Air System
Solar domestic hot water systems employing air-type collectors
are available. Hot air generated by these collectors is fan forced
through an air-to-liquid heat exchanger with the potable water
being pumped through the liquid section of the exchanger. The
heated water is then circulated through the storage tank in a
similar fashion to the liquid collector system. Air does not
need to be protected from freezing or boiling, is non-corrosive,
and is free. However, air ducts and air handling units require
greater space than piping, and air leaks are difficult to detect.
Air-Type Collector A collector
that uses air as the heat transfer fluid.
Altitude The angular distance
from the horizon to the sun.
Ambient Temperature The temperature
of the surrounding air.
ASHRAE Abbreviation for the
American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Auxiliary Heat The extra heat
provided by a conventional heating system for periods of
cloudiness or intense cold when a solar heating system cannot
provide enough.
Azimuth The angular distance
between true south and the point on the horizon directly below
the sun.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The
quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound
of water one degree Fahrenheit.
Calorie The quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree
Celsius.
Coefficient of Heat Transmission
The rate of heat loss in BTU per hour through a square foot
wall or other building surface when the difference between indoor
and outdoor air temperatures is one degree Fahrenheit.
Collector
A device that collects solar radiation and converts it
to heat.
Collector Efficiency The ratio
of usable heat energy extracted from a collector to the solar
energy striking the cover.
Concentrating Collector A device
which concentrates the sun's rays on an absorber surface which
is significantly smaller than the overall collector area.
Conductance The rate of heat
flow (in BTUs per hour) through an object when a 1° F. temperature
difference is maintained between the sides of the object.
Conduction The flow of heat
due to temperature variations within a material.
Conductivity A measure of the
ability of a material to permit conduction of heat flow through
it.
Convection The motion of fluid
such as gas or liquid by which heat may be transported.
Cover Plate A sheet of glass
or transparent plastic placed above the absorber in a flat plate
collector.
Degree Day A unit that represents
a 1 degree F. deviation from some fixed reference point (usually
65°F.) in the mean daily outdoor temperature.
Design Heat Load The total heat
loss from a house under the most severe winter conditions likely
to occur.
Design Temperature The temperature
close to the lowest expected for a location, used to determine
the design heat load.
Diffuse Radiation Indirect sunlight
that is scattered from air molecules, dust and water vapor.
Direct Radiation Solar radiation
that comes straight from the sun, casting shadows on a clear
day.
Drain down System Potable water
is circulated from the storage tank through the collector loop.
Freeze protection is provided by solenoid valves opening and
dumping the water at a preset low temperature. Collectors and
piping must be pitched so that the system can drain down, and
must be assembled carefully to withstand 100 psi. city water
line pressures. Pressure reducing valves are recommended when
city water pressure is greater than the working pressure of the
system.
Drain back System The solar
heat transfer fluid automatically drains into a tank by gravity.
Drain back systems are available in one or two tank configurations.
A heat exchanger is necessary, because the city inlet pressure
would prevent draining. The heat transfer fluid in the collector
loop may be distilled or city water if the loop plumbing is copper.
If the plumbing is threaded galvanized pipe, inhibitors may be
added to prevent corrosion. Most inhibitors are non-potable and
require a double wall heat exchanger. The pump used must be sized
to overcome static head.
Emittance A measure of the propensity
of a material to emit thermal radiation.
Eutectic Salts A group of materials
that melt at low temperatures, absorbing large quantities of
heat.
Flat Plate Collector A solar
collection device in which sunlight is converted into heat on
a plane surface without the aid of reflecting surfaces to concentrate
the rays.
Forced Convection The transfer
of heat by the flow of fluids (such as air or water) driven by
fans, blowers or pumps.
Galvanic Corrosion A condition
caused as a result of a conducting liquid making contact with
two different metal which are not properly isolated physically
and/or electrically.
Getters A column or cartridge
containing an active metal which will be sacrificed to protect
some other metal in the system against galvanic corrosion.
Glaubers Salt
Sodium sulfate a eutectic salt that melts at 90°F.
and absorbs about 104 Btu per pound as it does so.
Gravity Convection The natural
movement of heat that occurs when a warm fluid rises and a cool
fluid sinks under the influence of gravity.
Headers The
pipe that runs across the edge of an array of solar collectors,
gathering or distributing the heat transfer fluid from, or to
the risers in the individual collectors. This insures that equal
flow rates and pressure are maintained.
Heat Capacity A property
of a material denoting its ability to absorb heat.
Heat Exchanger A device, such
as a coiled copper tube immersed in a tank of water, that is
used to transfer heat from one fluid to another through a separating
wall.
Heat Storage A device or medium
that absorbs collected solar heat and stores it for use during
periods of inclement or cold weather.
Heat Storage Capacity The amount
of heat which can be stored by a material.
Heating Season The period from
early fall to late spring (in the northern hemisphere) during
which additional heat is needed to keep a house comfortable for
its occupants.
Heat Pump A mechanical device
that transfers heat from one medium to another, thereby cooling
the first and warming the second.
Heat Sink A medium or container
to which heat flows.
Heat Source A medium or container
from which heat flows.
Hybrid Solar Energy System A
system that uses both active and passive methods in its operation.
Indirect System A solar heating
or cooling system in which the solar heat is collected exterior
to the building and transferred inside using ducts or piping
and, usually fans or ducts.
Infrared Radiation Electromagnetic
radiation from the sun that has wavelengths slightly longer than
visible light.
Insolation The total amount
of solar radiation direct, diffused and reflected-striking a
surface exposed to the sky.
Insulation A material with high
resistance (R-value) to heat flow.
Langley A measure of solar radiation;
equal to one calorie per square centimeter.
Liquid Type Collector A collector
using a liquid as the heat transfer fluid.
Natural Convection See Gravity
Convection.
Nocturnal Cooling The cooling
of a building or heat storage device by the radiation of excess
heat into the night sky.
One-Tank Closed-Loop System A conventional DHW tank, usually electrically
heated, is converted to a solar DHW storage tank by installing
an external heat exchanger coil. The lower electrical element
is removed, leaving the uppermost of the usual two elements to
provide auxiliary water heating and to achieve good stratification
(layering of hotter water over progressively colder water).
Open System Some part of the
System is open to the atmosphere, or system contains fresh or
changeable water.
Passive System A solar heating
or cooling system that uses no external mechanical power to move
the collected solar heat.
Percentage of Possible Sunshine The
percentage of daytime hours during which there is enough direct
solar radiation to cast a shadow.
Photosynthesis The conversion
of solar energy to chemical energy, by the action of chlorophyll
in plants and algae.
Photovoltaic Cells Semi conductor
devices that convert solar energy into electricity.
Pyranometer An instrument for
measuring solar radiation.
Radiant Panels Panels with integral
passages for the flow of warm fluids, either air or liquids.
Heat from the fluid is conducted through the metal and transferred
to the rooms by thermal radiation.
Radiation The flow of energy
through open space via electromagnetic waves, such as visible
light.
Reflected Radiation Sunlight
that is reflected from surrounding trees, terrain or buildings
onto a surface exposed to the sky.
Refrigerant
A liquid such as Freon that is use in cooling devices
to absorb heat from surrounding air or liquids as it evaporates.
Resistance, or R Value The tendency
of a material to retard the flow of heat.
Retrofitting The application
of a solar heating or cooling system to an existing building.
Risers The flow channels
or pipes that distribute the heat transfer liquid across the
face of an absorber.
Seasonal Efficiency The ratio,
over an entire heating season, of solar energy collected and
used to the solar energy striking the collector.
Selective Surface
A surface that absorbs radiation of one wavelength (for
example, sunlight) but emits little radiation of another wavelength
(for example, infrared); used as a coating for absorber plates.
Shading Coefficient
The ratio of the solar heat gain through a specific glazing
system to the total solar heat gain through a single layer of
clear double-strength glass.
Solar Constant The average intensity
of solar radiation reaching the earth outside the atmosphere;
accounting to two langleys or 1.94 gram-calories per square centimeter,
equal to 442.4 BTU/hr/ft.², or 1395 watts/m².
Solar Radiation (Solar Energy) Electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the sun.
Solar Rights A legal issue concerning
the right of access to sunlight.
Specific Heat
The quantity of heat, in BTU, needed to raise the temperature
of one pound of a material 1°F.
Standby Heat Loss Heat lost
though storage tank and piping walls.
Sun Path Diagram A circular
projection of the sky vault, similar to a map, that can be used
to determine solar positions and to calculate shading.
Thermal Capacity
The quantity of heat needed to warm a collector up to
its operating temperature.
Thermal Mass or Thermal Inertia The
tendency of a building with large quantities of heavy materials
to remain at the same temperature or to fluctuate only very slowly;
also the overall heat storage capacity of the building.
Thermal Radiation Electromagnetic
radiation emitted by a warm body.
Thermistor Sensing device which
changes its electrical resistance according to temperature. Used
in the control system to generate input data on collector and
storage temperatures.
Thermosyphoning The process
that makes water circulate automatically between a warm collector
and a cooler storage tank above it. (See Gravity Convection).
Tilt Angle The angle that a
flat plate collector surface forms with the horizontal plane.
Trickle Type Collector A collector in which the heat transfer
liquid flows through metal tubes which are fastened to the absorber
plate by solder, clamps or other means. (See Collector).
Tube-in-Plate-Absorber A metal
absorber plate in which the heat transfer fluid flows through
passages formed in the plate itself.
Tube-Type Collector A collector
in which the heat transfer fluid flows through metal tubes that
are fastened to the absorber plate with solder, clamps or other
means. (See Collector).
Ultraviolet Radiation Electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths slightly shorter than visible light.
 Solar Pool Heater Information Page
Solar Hot Water Information Page
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